Ophthalmoplegic Migraine Paediatric Oculomotor Schwannoma

Ophthalmoplegic Migraine Paediatric Oculomotor Schwannoma Corresponding Author: Dr.R.Subasree Title : Ophthalmoplegic Migraine and Paediatric Oculomotor Schwannoma: Cause or Co-Incidence? Structured Abstract: Objective: To report a case of Ophthalmoplegic migraine with Pediatric Oculomotor Schwannoma which is very rare. Methods: A 16 year old boy admitted as inpatient at our tertiary referral centre and University hospital in South India, with history of recurrent headaches and oculomotor palsy of 14 years duration was evaluated in detail to rule out posterior fossa, orbital fissure, parasellar lesions, granulomatous disorders and aneurysms. Results: Initial CT Brain revealed a nodular non-enhancing lesion in the interpeduncular cistern, MR Imaging along with CISS 3D sequence done two years later after CT, revealed a small enhancing nodular lesion at the level of midbrain in the interpeduncular cistern at nerve exit level suggestive of schwannoma of third nerve. Practice: Patient was treated with analgesics, nimodipine and valproate with which there was a partial response. During his subsequent 2 year follow-up, his frequency and severity of attacks had reduced. Conclusion: Oculomotor nerve schwannomas are extremely rare. Only 12 children under the age of 18, without neurofibromatosis have been sufficiently documented. The coexistence of OM and Oculomotor schwannoma suggests that it is not a coincidence. Awareness and suspicion is required to identify cranial cephalalgia /OM and it warrants thorough investigation to rule out intrinsic lesions mimicking OM. Implications. Controversies exist till date regarding etiology, pathophysiology, imaging findings and management guidelines of OM. The rare association reported in our report gives insight into better understanding of the pathophysiology and clinico-radiological correlations in OM. Keywords: Ophthalmoplegic migraine, Oculomotor Schwanomma Introduction Ophthalmoplegic migraine is very rare with annual incidence being 0.7 per million. It most often occurs in infancy or childhood. There are recurrent attacks of headache in association with ophthalmoplegia due to paresis of cranial nerve III, IV, or VI .The episodes of ophthalmoplegia may persist for several hours to several weeks, months, or permanently. Most often it is self-limited condition. Ophthalmoplegic migraine is also recognized as a cranial neuralgia according to 2004 edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders. [1] .Paediatric Oculomotor Schwannoma is extremely rare and it can mimic OM. We describe a young boy with recurrent ophthalmoplegic migraine and oculomotor schwannoma in MR imaging. Clinical Observation A 16 year old boy presented with history of left hemicranial headache of 14year duration. The headache was throbbing, severe associated with drooping of left eye, blurring of left eye vision, photo-phonophobia, nausea and vomiting. The frequency of attacks was around 15 per month each lasting for 3-48 hours. During the attack, he was found to have left sided ptosis, poorly responsive normal sized pupil and mild left elevation and adduction restriction. (Figure 1).There was persistent residual vision loss in left eye with acuity of 6/60. Fundus was normal. There were no other deficits. Investigations were carried out to rule out posterior fossa, orbital fissure and parasellar lesions. Initial CT Brain revealed a nodular non-enhancing lesion in the interpeduncular cistern , MR Imaging along with CISS 3D sequence done two years later (Figure 3a, 3b) revealed a small enhancing nodular lesion at the level of midbrain in the interpeduncular cistern at nerve exit level suggestive of schwannoma of third nerve. MR Angiography was normal. (Figure 3c). Patient was treated with analgesics, nimodipine and valproate with which there was a partial response. Steroids were not administered. During his subsequent 2 year follow-up, his frequency and severity of attacks had reduced. Paediatric Oculomotor Schwanomma is present as painless oculomotor deficit or may be asymptomatic and detected incidentally. Its presence with OM poses a question whether it was a mere coincidence or the cause of OM. Discussion: Ophthalmoplegic migraine is a rare distinct neurologic syndrome characterized by recurrent headache and ophthalmoplegia. The third cranial nerve is most commonly affected. Most patients recover completely within days to weeks, but a minority are left with persistent neurologic deficits. [1] .As per the International Classification of Headache, ophthalmoplegic migraine is defined as at least 2 attacks of ‘‘migraine-like’’ headache followed within 4 days by paresis of the third, fourth, and/or sixth cranial nerves, including ophthalmoparesis, ptosis, or mydriasis .[2] Gap between the onset of headache and the cranial nerve palsy has varied between 2 days and10 weeks. [3]The exact aetiology of this condition remains unknown. Oculomotor nerve compression, ischemia, swelling of the posterior cerebral artery, pituitary swelling, vascular anomaly, benign viral infection, demyelinating neuropathy, activation of trigemino-vascular system are the various pathogenesis implicated. Diseases such as vascular malformation, granulomatous infections, pituitary apoplexy, sarcoidosis and chronic inflammatory, demyelinating polyneuropathies may have similar clinical presentation like OM. So contrast enhanced MRI and magnetic resonance angiography should be the investigations of first choice for the diagnosis of OM, followed by a careful clinical examination and spinal tap. Sometimes, conventional angiogram may be necessary to exclude an aneurysm. [4]. Mark et al. 1998.,[5]found focal thickening of the nerve in non-contrast studies, and further thickening was present on the contrast-enhanced images in the area of the exit zone of the nerve in the inter peduncular cistern. Carlow studied the magnetic resonance scans in six patients diagnosed with OM and did a retrospective literature survey in 17 patients with OM, all of whom showed thickened ipsilateral oculomotor nerves at the midbrain exit in noncontrast T 1 -weighted images. Contrast T 1 -weighted magnetic resonance scans showed enhancement of the ipsilateral oculomotor nerves. [6].Many cases show improvement in the enhancement of cranial nerve III with resolution of the symptoms, but the timing and degree of resolution has not been consistent in reports. Contrast enhancement on MRI is not a sine qua non for the diagnosis of OM. Gelfand AA et al., 2011 [1] systematically reviewed all cases of OM in literature between1995 to 2010. There were a total of 80 cases .The median age at the time of the first ophthalmoplegic migraine attack was 8 years (3-16 years) .The third cranial nerve was involved in the vast majority of cases (83%), sixth cranial nerve was involved in 20% and the fourth nerve in 2% of cases. The interval between headache onset and ophthalmoparesis ranged from immediate to up to 14 days. The ophthalmoplegia tended to last longer (2 to 3 weeks to 2 to 3 months) .In 54%, persistent deficits were observed. Of 52 patients who had a contrast brain MRI during an acute attack, 75% had contrast enhancement of the third nerve and 76% had nerve thickening. There was a benefit from corticosteroid treatment in 54%. Schwannomas are benign peripheral nerve sheath tumours with great propensity to arise from vestibular nerves. Oculomotor nerve schwannomas are extremely rare. There are only 40 cases reported in the literature. Only 12 children under the age of 18, without neurofibromatosis have been sufficiently documented. [7] In 1982, Leunda et al. [8] reported a case in an 11-year-old boy whose tumour was resected en bloc and ranked as the largest oculomotor nerve schwannoma documented at that time, with a 55-mm diameter. Since then, another 11 histologically proven paediatric cases have been described successively in the literature. The average diameters of the paediatric tumours size is 19.5 mm. Oculomotor nerve paresis was the most common neurological sign and a variable degree of oculomotor nerve dysfunction, including ptosis, diplopia, or dilated pupil, was present in all but one . Duration of preoperative symptoms and signs ranged from 2 weeks to 12 years. Authors opine that lesion size did not correlate with the degree of oculomotor nerve deficit. Ipsilateral ophthalmoplegic migraine was found in two cases of cisternal microlesions involving the initial prepontine segment of oculomotor nerve. [7].Total removal of schwannoma usually resulted in severe postoperative parent nerve paresis. Surgical tr eatment was indicated only for large tumours that presented in association with consciousness disturbance, other cranial nerve signs, or hemiparesis due to mass effect, or in cases where the lesion showed malignant features with rapid enlargement. Murakami et al., 2005 [9] described a case of an 11-year-old girl with oculomotor nerve schwannoma who had been suffering from symptoms mimicking OM. Her attacks became more frequent and were not controlled by medication. After surgery, the frequency of OM attacks reduced. This was the first report to describe a pathologically confirmed case of oculomotor nerve schwannoma mimicking OM. Riahi A et al., 2014[10] described a 12 year old girl with recurrent painful ophthalmoplegia, who on examination was found to have left oculomotor palsy. Her third MRI focusing on third nerve revealed schwannoma of the oculomotor nerve in left cisternal portion. Kawasaki et al., 1999 [11] reported a case of the coexistence of OM and ipsilateral 3rd nerve schwannoma .The authors had an acute and a follow-up MRI during a recovery phase and noticed no difference. The coexistence of two rare conditions suggests that a mere coincidence is unlikely. It has been proposed that repeated inflammation could lead to a demyelination/ remyelination process with Schwann cell proliferation and onion bulb formation. There are no published treatment trials for ophthalmoplegic migraine. Oral steroids may be of possible benefit in treating acute exacerbations based on available case series. Prompt steroid therapy at the time of attack might minimize permanent sequelae of OM, including residual weakness of the third cranial nerve and pupillary dysfunction. Bharucha et al., 2007 [4] state that various treatments have been described, including steroids acutely and flunarizine, acetazolamide, propranolol, cyproheptadine, or verapamil prophylactically. OM is a heterogeneous disorder that needs adequate scrutiny, periodic magnetic resonance monitoring, and clinical correlation before we can conclude and draw management guidelines. Conclusion: Awareness and suspicion is required to identify cranial cephalalgia /OM as it is a rare entity and diagnosis even by headache experts is made by exclusion. It warrants thorough investigation to rule out intrinsic lesions mimicking OM. The rare association reported in our report gives insight into pathophysiology and clinico-radiological correlations in OM. Bibliography 1. Gelfand AA, Gelfand JM, Prabakhar P et al. Ophthalmoplegic ‘‘Migraine’’ or Recurrent Ophthalmoplegic Cranial Neuropathy: New Cases and a Systematic Review. Journal of Child Neurology.2011; 27(6):759-766 2. Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society. The International Classification of Headache Disorders: 2nd edition. Cephalalgia. 2004; 24(suppl 1):9–160. 3. Ravi Shankar. K. Ophthalmoplegic Migraine: Still a Diagnostic Dilemma? Current Pain and Headache Reports. 2008; 12: 285 – 291 4. Diana X. Bharucha, Timothy B. Campbell, Ignacio Valencia. MRI Findings in Pediatric Ophthalmoplegic Migraine: A Case Report and Literature Review. Pediatric Neurology .2007; 37: 59–63 5. Mark AS, Casselman J, Brown D, et al.: Ophthalmoplegic migraine: reversible enhancement and thickening of the cisternal segment of the oculomotor nerve on contrast enhanced MRI images. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol .1998; 19: 1887– 1891. 6. Carlow TJ: Oculomotor ophthalmoplegic migraine: is it really migraine? J Neuroophthalmol .2002; 22: 215– 221. 7. Yang S, Li Z, Liu X et al.Pediatric Isolated Oculomotor Nerve Schwannoma: A New Case Report and Literature Review. Pediatric Neurology.2013; 48(4):321–324 8. Leunda G,Vaquero J,Cabezudo J et al. Schwannoma of the oculomotor nerves .Report of four cases .J Neurosurg.1982;57:563-565 9. T. Murakami, M. Funatsuka, M. Komine et al.Oculomotor nerve schwannoma mimicking ophthalmoplegic migraine.Neuropediatrics.2005; 36:395–398 10. Riahi A, Youssef-Turki I.B, Walha K et al. Recurrent painful ophthalmoplegia: ophthalmoplegic migraine or oculomotor nerve schwannomas? Neurological Practice –FMC. 2014; 5:205-208 11. Kawasaki A. Oculomotor nerve schwannoma associated with ophthalmoplegic migraine. Am J Ophthal 1999; 128:658–60.

Instagram Term Paper

AMA COMPUTER LEARNING CENTER COLLEGE Tagbilaran City, Bohol INSTAGRAM (Android Application) A term paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE in INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY by: Josie Marie Mosqueda Edralyn Tutor 2012 ABSTRACT Today the folks responsible for one of the most popular social photography apps in the world  have brought that entertainment to  Android– and here we’re going to review it! What you’ll find is that this app is extremely similar to the iOS version, it having the ability to snap photos, edit them in brief, and send them out to several social networks.This Android version is said to be superior to the iOS version in several ways by its developers. This app got extremely popular on iOS because it allowed (and still allows) you to do three different activities in one app – photography, sharing, and editing of photos. Here on Android you’ve got several of those abilities built in – the HTC One series in-particular has some pretty amazing photo editing, taking, and sharing abilities. INTRODUCTION An important application for the tech-savvy crowd, Instagrams are all about the beauty of capturing moments through man-made lenses and sharing it with your near and dear!As Will Smith says â€Å" Life is not about number of breadths you take, it is about number of moments take your breath away†. Moments like that don’t happen everyday, but can be captured and cherished for the rest of your lives, thanks to the app called Instagram! Instagrams are solely for the Apple person, that is compatible with Iphones, Ipads, Ipod Touch with an iOS version of 3. 1. 2 or above. Instagram, the popular photo sharing application which gained prominence on iOS – is now available for Android. Complete with a beautiful user interface and a full feature-set, it seems to have been worth the nail biting.It is a free photo sharing application which helps you to click pictures, apply fresh effects on them using their inbuilt filters and then post it online on any social networking site like Foursquare, Facebook, Twitter, Flickr etc. A list of the most popular filters are the Walden Filter, the X Pro II, the Lomo-Fi, the Brannan, the Hefe, the Earlybird, the Sutro, the Poprocket, the Nashville and the Gotham. HISTORY Below is a short Infographic on Instagram’s history. TIMELINE DISCUSSION Felling the walled gardenInstagram and  Hipstamatic, a digital photography application for iOS devices, entered into a partnership that would allow photos from the app to be directly ported into Instagram. â€Å"I’m a huge fan of what Hipstamatic is doing and all they’ve accomplished,† Systrom  said. â€Å"They were iPhone App of the Year in 2010 and we got 2011. We have a huge amount of respect for that whole team both as fellow photographers and entrepreneurs. † â€Å"Really it comes down to this: People post Hipst amatic photos on Instagram all the time, and we just want to make that experience easier. †Pictures paint more than a thousand words Instagram already has seven million users all over the world and the number is only going to get bigger when the Android app launches. There are loads of awesome photos available on Instagram today and these photos are inspiring others to follow suit. Taking Photos with Instagram Instagram has a built-in camera function, making it easy to quickly snap a photo to share in the app. You can also pull photos directly from your iPhone photo library, so you can share older photos taken with your iPhone or photos synced from your iPhoto library on your computer.All Instagram photos are square, so after you take or select a shot you are presented with an easy interface to scale and crop it. Transforming Photos with Instagram After your photo is cropped, you can transform the look of it with a variety of filters. Most of the filters are designed to give y our photo a vintage look, bringing back polaroids and old black-and-white pictures. While quick Photoshop style filters are often considered cheap tricks, people have embraced Instagram because it simply makes photo sharing fun. Photo Sharing with InstagramWhen you are done editing an Instagram, you can choose to share it just within the app or on Twitter, Facebook, Flickr, Posterous, Tumblr and Foursquare. Instagram also creates a web page with your image that you can link to, but that's as far as the website goes. It is not the place to follow people, view galleries or submit photos. All of that functionality is reserved for the app itself, where you can view photos from your friends, see popular photos, and find people to follow and more. FEATURES OF INSTAGRAM * 100% free custom designed filters and borders The Lux: A new feature given by the makers to bring out the inner nuances in your picture with nothing but a tap on the picture! Best part in using Lux is that it can be used even without a filter. * Instant sharing to Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, and Foursquare (Flickr coming very soon) * A new filter called the Sierra. * Interact with friends through giving ; receiving likes and comments * Works with Android versions 2. 2 and above that support OpenGL ES 2 * Full front ; back camera support SCREENSHOTS ADVANTAGES OF INSTAGRAM Instagram is great especially if you are fond of taking pictures and uploading them right away for other people to see. * It is fast like when you took a picture, uploaded it and it will automatically be uploaded or posted on your facebook account, twitter and tumblr. * It offers a lot of effects, or if you want your photo to have a frame or not. * You can be updated on your friends’ happenings or your friends’ important announcements. * A great way of making or meeting new friends. * You can also advertise your own products if you have some business or shops.You can take a photo of your products and post it on instagr am and it can help you gain more customers. * Another great thing is that, there are some photo applications that you can directly upload on instagram the photos you have taken or edited. One of this is the photoshake, it's up to you if you want to upload the photo you took directly on instagram or just save it on your mobile phone or tablet. DISADVANTAGE OF INSTAGRAM * Privacy – where in, every detail and every photo that you will be uploading, a lot of people might see it.Rumors can also start by others seeing some photos of you not being good. Your life can be at danger especially if you always takes a photo of you on where you at and what are you doing. CONCLUSION Above all, Instagram is made for us to enjoy the convenient of taking some pictures with our loved ones. And take note, important pictures with our friends, family, classmates or any special ones. Instagram is not made to make rumors of other people, to make fun at them and to invade others privacy. The team has certainly come a long way, to create a better world for its users.

Beginning Thinker Essay

I would say that I am a beginning thinker, I have control of all of my own personal thoughts I know that I am not always correct most of the time during each step of the thought process but I feel that I have a really good understanding of how to fix some of the issues that I have when in thought. Although some of the conclusions that I come to either workout for the short-term or long-term issue or have a tendency to be the opposite of the outcome that I was hoping for. I sometimes catch myself making a quick decision without fully thinking through the whole concept or the outcome that it will have on the issue that I am working on. I think that I can fix this by not jumping to conclusions when I am in thought, having a system to make sure that I get to the best possible outcome is something that I think I will implement going forward just to make sure that the outcome for my decision is one that I will be happy with and not regret. Critical Thinking I would say that my current critical thinking skills could be a little better, mainly because I have a tendency to over think when I am trying to come to a resolution to a specific problem. My strategy mainly consists of me thinking about the different ways that I can get to the best outcome but I also have a tendency to throw in my own assumptions or bias when coming to a resolution, this is what I feel makes me to either make an incorrect decision or make a decision based off only what my own personal feelings are towards the situation. A way that I feel I can develop better skills as critical thinker is to take all bias out of my decisions and make sure that what I do is not only best for me but will also help me keep on a path to reach my ultimate goal.

Co Morbidity, Chronicity And Complexity Concepts - 1938 Words

Co-morbidity, chronicity and complexity concepts. Chronicity is when an individual has a permanent disease or disability that involves the total human environment for supportive care and self-care, maintenance of function, prevention and further disability (Lubkin Larsen, 2009, p. 6) To be counted as a chronic condition the disease or disability must last longer than six months and have a noteworthy impact on the individual’s day to day life (Farrell Dempsey, 2014, p.203). This applies to Emily as she suffers from two permanent diseases that may potentially get worse but will not get better. Symptoms may be relived and they may exacerbate at times however the disease will always be present. When an individual, such as Emily, suffers from two or more chronic diseases it is known to be a co-morbidity. The amount of co-morbidity an individual has increases with age and if they live an active or sedentary lifestyle (Farrell Dempsey, 2014, p.203) It is important to be knowledgeable about a patients co-morbidities as they may interact with each other and affect how they are treated both pharmaceutically and through lifestyle options. The complexity of an illness can increase or decrease depending on the time required to evaluate and treat the condition. For Emily her conditions are complex as her Crohns Disease and Diabetes Mellitus can interact together, increasing the time taken to diagnose the conditions and increasing the time taken to treat the illness.

Why Everybody Is Talking About Dissertation Abstracts...The Simple Truth Revealed

Why Everybody Is Talking About Dissertation Abstracts...The Simple Truth Revealed What to Expect From Dissertation Abstracts? You will shortly locate the official data about us. In addition, it covers a limited number of dissertations from the rest of the planet. Even then you're not able to discover the informative and accurate details. Make certain that you will get done with your research properly so you will be in a position to compose the content properly. You must not forget the simple fact that the very first thing your teacher is likely to read is the dissertation abstract and if your dissertation abstract isn't well written, your teacher is likely to deduct your marks for the entire dissertation. Lots of people struggle to compose a fantastic abstract since they understand that a poor abstract will ruin the entire dissertation. An abstract is a brief overview of a bigger work, like a dissertation or research paper. The committee members serve as mentors and guides throughout the dissertation procedure and always incorporate a scholar from away from the Heller community. By summarizing the outcome of the research, it allows other people to find a concept of what was accomplished without needing to read through the whole dissertation. If you wish to take the comprehensive details about this issue at that moment, you ought to go with the internet services with the expert writers and take writing projects based on the topic. Writing a dissertation paper is not a simple task because it requires preparation, research and hard work to compose a fantastic paper. Writing assignments can create a great deal of issues for the students because of their ignorance in writing. Writing dissertation abstracts are sometimes a true challenge for any student. So far as the students are involved, writing a research paper is among the toughest and frustrating job in their opinion. A dissertation abstract is a quick overview of the whole paper. The abstract has an objective of offering the readers with information in a condensed state, and the value of it can't be overstated, as it does not just stand for the preface, but in addition allows your teacher to appraise the preamble before reading the entire text. In relation to the structure, the abstract should stick to the structure of the principal dissertation, in the feeling that it should begin by discussing the introduction, literature review, methodology, results and conclusion. Additional a dissertation abstract, being a distinct section, should not depend on the entire dissertation. In reality, in the event the abstract can be limited to a single page it's even better. Sometimes students take assistance from such dissertation abstract writing companies who don't care for you and supply you with a dissertation abstract that's flawed. Dissertation Abstracts for Dummies The abstracts should have a particular dimensions and structure. If you would like your dissertation to be well-received, it is necessary to create a compelling abstract. Your dissertation should be unique and totally original. Dissertation abstract is written to reveal the elements of your findings. To learn how to compose a dissertation abstract effectively and easily, a dissertation template was created which highlights the principal elements you should have in your dissertation abstract. 3 Further details on the advantages of UMI publishing can be seen on their site. When you go to compose the content, then you should try to find a few tips. You might find it useful to have a look at a dissertation abstract template to have a better comprehension of its structure. Reread your abstract to make certain it offers a very clear overview of your general argument. In the latter scenario, you should set the concentrate on the issue and don't permit the word limitations to dictate the range of paragraphs in your work. The use of the abstract is to report the key aims and outcomes of your research, and it needs to be fully understandable on its own to somebody who hasn't read your total paper or associated sources. In it, the aim of the analysis and methodological choices are o utlined succinctly, letting the reader or researcher to rapidly scan and evaluate numerous studies to easily choose ones that fulfill their specific demands. During the very first section of the test, the aim is to measure attention during a boring endeavor. The actual men and women highly praise our essay help site. Its goal is to allow researchers to stay current with what other folks in their field are studying by providing short summaries of dissertations that were published. Otherwise, it defeats the objective of having an abstract in the very first location.

Shirley Jacksons The Lottery Essay - 947 Words

Shirley Jacksons The Lottery The setting in a story helps to form the story and it makes the characters become more interesting. There are three main types of setting. The first is nature and the outdoors, second is objects of human manufacture and construction and the third is cultural conditions and assumptions. These three things help the reader to understand the characters better in Shirley Jacksons The Lottery;. The Lottery; is started out by being described as The morning of June 27th was clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full summer day.; The flowers are blooming and the children have just gotten out of school for the summer. To the everyday reader this story starts out as a pleasant one but†¦show more content†¦Another question that is answered is what time period this story is taking place. The men talked about tractors so this allows the reader to narrow the time period to 1935 and up. Tractors had not been invented before this time. Another mention of the time frame in this story is the clothes that the characters are wearing. The women wearing faded house dresses and sweaters, came shortly after their men folk;. This also shows the reader the time frame because it was not until after the 1930s that women started to wear housedresses and sweaters. It actually started to become popular in the forties and fifties to wear housedresses. This gives the reader an almost exact time period, which helps to add to the fear in the story that such a thing could happen 40 or 50 years ago. The second type of setting is the Human manufacture and Human Construction. The best example of this in the story is the lottery itself. The main basis of the lottery is to get rid of a member of the community. To do this a family is randomly chosen and from there a single-family member is chosen. It is all one big game of luck and chance to remove a member of the community. The lottery is starting to disappear in other towns but it still runs strong in this particular town. Jackson makes the entire setting spookier by not letting the reader find out the true meaning of the lottery until the very end of the story. ThisShow MoreRelatedShirley Jacksons The Lottery736 Words   |  3 Pagesjudge a book by its cover† could not be truer than with Shirley Jackson’s short story, â€Å"The Lottery†. Jackson’s title for the short story is in fact ironic leading the reading to assume the story to be cheerful and jolly, an assumption that could not be more wrong. â€Å"The Lottery† is about an annual lottery draw in a small town in New England. A tradition that has continued to be practiced for seventy years by the townspeople. 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She also develops suspense based very much on the expansive symbolism of the environment. In â€Å"The Lottery,† Jackson gives evidence of how symbolism may be utilized to make aRead MoreIrony In Shirley Jacksons The Lottery863 Words   |  4 PagesCaleigh Bishop English 101 October 10, 2017 Formal Essay I The Many Instances of Irony in â€Å"The Lottery† In Shirley Jackson’s short story â€Å"The Lottery,† she uses many examples of irony. Irony is the use of words that are the opposite of their usual meaning or what is expected to happen. The use of irony plays an important role in delivering Jackson’s sarcasm. The author holds our attention all throughout the story and builds our suspense by using irony with the characters and events that take placeRead MoreAnalysis Of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery954 Words   |  4 Pagesthe authors message. 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Whoever gets the paper with the black dot wins. Tessie Hutchinson wins the lottery! Everyone thenRead MoreAnalysis Of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery1303 Words   |  6 Pagespowerful force (qtd. in AZQuotes). In Shirley Jacksons chilling story The Lottery, a town celebrates a special custom of stoning people to death every year. Jackson perfectly depicts a possible event that may occur from blindly following tra dition without evaluating the purpose or usefulness of it in the first place. Jackson’s use of plot, theme, and symbolism reveal the evil reality of blind faith, tradition, and their consequences. Initially, Jackson’s twisted plot reveals the infinite, viciousRead MoreResearch Paper on Shirley Jacksons â€Å"The Lottery†1141 Words   |  5 PagesShirley Jacksons â€Å"The Lottery† is a short story about the annual gathering of the villagers to conduct an ancient ritual. The ritual ends in the stoning of one of the residents of this small village. This murder functions under the guise of a sacrament that, at one time, served the purpose of ensuring a bountiful harvest. This original meaning, however, is lost over the years and generations of villagers. The loss of meaning has changed the nature and overall purpose of the lottery. This ritualRead MoreAnalysis of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery Essay776 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† is a short story by Shirley Jackson, first published on June 26, 1948. The story was initially met with negative critical reception due to its violent nature and portrayal of the potentially dangerous nature o f human society. It was even banned in some countries. However, â€Å"The Lottery† is now widely accepted as a classic American short story and is used in classrooms throughout the country. Jackson’s story takes a critical look at what can result when the customs and laws that govern

Implications of Gender Distinctions-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Asian societies, the processes of gender construction and the Implications of gender distinctions in a Cross-Cultural Context. Answer: Introduction Asia is the largest continent of the earth and shares important part of the history and culture of the human evolution. The aim of this essay is to analyze and describe the contradictory forces in constructing the modern images of women in relation to men in the Asian region and in what extent these images transform the traditional gender representation. Discussions Gender making Gender making or gender stereotyping has become one of the most important aspects of the present day scenario (Epstein and Arnold 2014). Since times in memoriam, there was discrimination between the men and women Men were usually given the maximum priority in the family and was considered as the head of the family whereas women were always considered as their subordinates. Even more surprising is the fact that the gender stereotyping that consider males to be superior to the females are often taught by teachers at school and also by the priests through the religious teachings. A good example can be a ban of the womens freedom to wear dresses as per their choice. However, it has been seen that over the years that several countries in the Asia have signed the petition for eliminating the ban on dresses. Though women are trying their level best to become self sufficient and applying for jobs but there is often the incidence of unequal pay followed between men and women. The gender attit ude towards women in Asia is largely patriarchal. Here in this region, the traditional societal hierarchy was maintained and women were considered as the lowest members of the gender structure (Nayak, Anoop and Kehily 2013). However, the archetypical role of the women is changing rapidly and more and more women in the Asiatic society have been contributing to the changing gender role in the society. Matrilineal It is a known fact that most of communities in Asia, particularly in South Asia are patriarchal in nature. However, there are certain communities that do follow the matrilineal structure as well. It is a kind of family structure where the women are given some independence. They are not forced to marry for financial purposes. They are no dependent on males for their economic independence. Many families also consist of only female members who also take up the responsibility of raising their children single handedly. However in many communities the freedom of women is restricted mainly in the context of choosing their life partners. However there is again another constraint. The women cannot select their life partners outside their own community, if they do so they will be banned from their community. However there is no restriction imposed on women to stay with her husbands family after marriage. She might also consider staying with her own family and take all the necessary family deci sions. However the women are not allowed to use any make up or dress as per their choice since it is restricted by the adult members of the society oppose it. They do not like the influence of the modern day society. Hence it is evident that women empowerment has not taken place in the right manner though women are given some rights and privileges but at the same time they are also denied many This system considers men and women have equal rights to power and they have equal access to the resources. However, in this system men and women are associated with equal sexual parallelism. Female is considered as the main descendant line in this family of the matrilineal society (Stark 2013). In this system, each member is identified with his or her mothers lineage and it is associated with the inheritance of the property. Minangkabau community of West Sumatra, Malaysia, Indonesia and Mosuo community of China in the Asian region belong to the matrilineal societal system. Patriarchal As the very name suggests, patriarchy is something that is related to the domination structure between men and women. One of the very common features that are seen within the context of patriarchy is the treatment of women as a property. Women are considered as objects that can be used by at any time. Women are always objectified, right from their birth till their marriage. In the Asian communities, particularly in the South East Asian most of the communities are patriarchal. Women are constantly suffering from identity crisis. They suffer from the lack of empowerment both in the emotional as well as the financial basis. They are always kept confined within the four walls of their domestic premises and are hardly allowed to go out and mix in the social mainstreams (Nayak, Anoop and Kehily 2013). There is a very poor belief among the entire south Asian people that girls are born to be fed throughout their lives and boys are there to earn and support the family. So, naturally the girls are always treated as a burden and are thought to be inferior to boys (Andersen et al. 2013). Patrilineal system consists of dominant power relationship between men and women. In this system, the men are in the dominant position and the inheritance of property, titles of a person and other rights in the family go from fathers bloodline. In this system, the male is in the dominant position and the other family members depend on the mens decision in the family (Maynes, Mary and Ann 2014). Marriage and divorce in the matrilineal society holds a different role than the other normal or patriarchal societal structure. Different matriarchal society has different marriage rules. For example, the Mosuo community in China, the female could handle all the responsibilities of the household and finance. A family is consisted with a woman and all the female members of her family. In the matrilineal structure, marriage is considered as less important as most of the time women are not seen as the property of the male family to continue the bloodlines (Epstein and Arnold 2014). Men and women could mix more freely than the patriarchal one and both could freely choose their lovers. In spite of being matrilineal system, the family of the Mosuo community is composed of matrilineal members, which includes mother, grandmother, maternal aunts and mothers brothers. The children remain in the mothers house and all the responsibilities of the children are taken care by the mothers family. Thu s, marriage is not a big deal in this system and it does not matter if marriage is occurred or not as long as men and women could mix freely and continue their love affairs. However, divorce is more frequent in the patriarchal structure and less common in the matrilineal society. As marriage is not forced on the women in the matrilineal structure, divorce is not seen as common rule in this societal structure. Women do not have to marry to the men for security or financial needs. There are some pressures against maintaining matrilineal system in Minangkabau and Mosuo societies. The pressure mainly comes from outside or external world. In the film, The Land Where Women Rule: Inside Chinas Last Matriarchy, these issues have been discussed in the context of the Mosuo community. The young members of the Mosuo community, they want to go out of the region and experience outside world. In this matriarchal system, the husband and wife could not live together in lifetime. However, some of the young members want to live together with their partners like members of Han community ("The Land Where Women Rule: Inside China's Last Matriarchy" 2017). However, this is the major resistance in maintaining the matriarchal structure in this community. The female members have to choose her partners within the community. However, if someone chooses her partner outside of the community, she has to leave the society. In this sense, the society is very conservative. The members are restricted to sing and dance Mousuo staffs and older members do not like make-ups. However, the outside world is exposed as the technology is advancing day by day. The community is affected by the external influences or rules and this is the major constraints to maintaining the matriarchal system in the Mousuo community. In the film, Muslim Women of Minang, it has been shown that the community is also matriarchal. However, there are resistances in maintaining the mothers lineage as outside world would see the Muslim women under the mens dominance. Thus, the men from the outside world apart from Minang see the women as the mens property ("Muslim Women Of Minang" 2017). The Minang Muslim women are compared with other Muslim women of Afghanistan, Taliban or Iran and they are very much different from the other Muslim women. The resistance mainly comes from outside Muslim community. Michelle Rosaldos distinction of private or public distinction of the division of labour does not fit in the Minangkabau or Mosuo society. The division of labour in relation to private and public proposed that men and women have different gender role in society (Connell 2014). Here the society means mainly the patriarchal society. In this gender role, the public sphere is for men and the private is for the women. In the Mosuo community, the typical gender role of the public and private are changed. In this community, the women manage the public world and take all the responsibilities including the family and outside world. However, men are for harder and heavier works only. Power pollution The power structure that mostly exists in the South Asian communities is harsh towards women as most of the communities there is male dominated. In other words the power in the domination is always exerted by men over the women. Women are always considered to be fragile. They are always treated as mens property; hence they can be treated in any way as per the will of the male members of their family. Women are always kept at the bottom of the power structure because it is taken for granted that they are the ones who will always surrender to men. It is often considered as a sign of masculinity to dominate and exploit the females (Stark 2013). Men and women are however considered to be equal in some societies like the Minangkabau society but there are some work that can only be performed by men particularly those that are heavier and need more physical strength. Men and women are considered complementary to each other. The society is purely matriarchal and matrilineal. In the time of t he marriages, the men are exchanged unlike general societal rule. However, the division of labour does not exist in this society. Men and women complement each other. Women and men enjoy almost equal rights in division of labour and so-called private and public world do not exist for women and men. Immediate return or delayed return economies This again is another problem in the current gender context. In order to initiate equality in society, most of the communities are trying to adopt the concept of the immediate return or the delayed return economies. It is a kind of community that tries to initiate equal rights and opportunities among individuals by incorporating the principle that no individual can dominate each other. As a result of which among every two persons, one of them always tries to become the dominant. This creates a problem as the entire society now exerts pressure on the would be dominator to bring the counterpart back in line (Maynes, Mary and Ann 2014). Often it is seen that in many communities, men start surrendering so that their women counterparts do not have to get dominated by them. In the act of doing this, women are often blamed by the society with then charge that they are bossing over men and exploiting them. This really becomes a major problem. Conclusion It can be concluded by saying that the archetypical construction of women and the patriarchal notion of the role of the women in the Asian region are in the contradictory forces as seen in the different ethnic groups of this region. The Minang and Mosuo are the matrilineal society and gender role of the women are different from that of men. References Andersen, Steffen, Seda Ertac, Uri Gneezy, John A. List, and Sandra Maximiano. "Gender, competitiveness, and socialization at a young age: Evidence from a matrilineal and a patriarchal society."Review of Economics and Statistics95, no. 4 (2013): 1438-1443. Connell, Raewyn. "Rethinking gender from the South."Feminist Studies40, no. 3 (2014): 518-539. Epstein, Arnold Leonard, ed.The craft of social anthropology. Elsevier, 2014. Maynes, Mary Jo, and Ann Waltner.Gender, Kinship and Power: A Comparative and Interdisciplinary History. Routledge, 2014. "Muslim Women Of Minang". 2017.Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvNFvpCeCFY. Nayak, Anoop, and Mary Jane Kehily.Gender, youth and culture: Young masculinities and femininities. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Stark, Alexander. "The matrilineal system of the Minangkabau and its persistence throughout history: A structural perspective."Shoutheast Asia: A Multidisciplinary Journal13 (2013): 1-13. "The Land Where Women Rule: Inside China's Last Matriarchy". 2017.Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_l9D7tEixc.