Managing Working Capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Managing Working Capital - Essay Example Fundamentally, the working capital is total current assets of GHS (Jain, p.13.4). Langabeer (2008) explained further that this is the â€Å"funds necessary to finance the conversion operating cycle for a hospital – from delivering services to receiving funds to paying invoices for materials used† (p.59). The net working capital, on the other hand, is the difference in GHS’s current assets and current liabilities or that portion of current assets that are financed with long-term funds (Jain, p.13.4). These conceptual s definitions underscore the requirement to manage working capital because it determines the ability of an institution such as GHS to pay its debt and enhance its value. According to Langabeer, it reflects the efficiency of a hospital in the manner it orders, stores and pay for goods and services, hence, â€Å"the key with working capital management is to match the amount of money needed in the short term with the amount of funds available and keep a ll other assets in assets with higher returns† (p.59). For instance, working capital management in GHS involves initiatives such as the investment in an equity fund or the purchase of property and the construction of a facility that would yield profitability. GHS’s treasurer plays an important role in the working capital management. This is highlighted by the fact that the working capital needs of GHS can be affected by several factors such as the nature of business, the seasonality of operations, the production policy, market conditions and the conditions of supply (Chandra, 2011, p.574). He must ensure an efficient management because it will inevitably lead to increased organizational performance, quality in service delivery and profitability. The activities follow the GHS working capital cycle, which – as in the case of all organizations – is a process in which it purchases or produces inventory, holds it for a time, and

Answer question youtube video Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Answer question youtube video - Essay Example Buddhism connects with science through the impartial investigation of nature that the religion aptly covers in its doctrines and teachings. Dhamma-Vicaya is defined to be the natural process of identifying one. According Jill, full meditation without destruction helped her reach that point to make decisions that come along with peace. The left lobe of her brain aided in recovering her past and future life. The right one helped her in coordinating the lessons she learned with language that she would understand. The meditation of Jill relates to the ways through which Buddhists extracted their teachings, and there Jill’s meditation is synonymous to Buddhism. Scientifically, the human brain works in coordination, as left side transmits the neuro-impulses to the right lobe and the reverse. Dr. Jill was able to reach vipassana through meditation and coordination of the neuron messages in her two sides of the brain. She was able to prove that there is a link between Buddhism and science through the contemplation process. She was able to link herself while dead while brain neurons transmitted into her impulses of life. After this, she was freed and came back to life feeling peace within her, something that Buddhist experienced while trying to connect nirvana with vipassana within their doctrines and

Modern Drama Essay Example for Free

Modern Drama Essay Through Shakespeare, came the birth of four major tragedies Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, and Macbeth. Shakespeares Hamlet made tragedies problematic. The play was all about whether it was right to take vengeance into your own hands, or whether you should delegate justice into the organs of the state. Arthur Miller, who turned the ordinary man into a figure of tragic stature in Death of a Salesman, felt obliged to the axiomatic laws of tragedy, and so wrote two essays, which he used to develop his ideas on, Tragedy and the Common Man and The Nature of Tragedy. In these two essays, Miller talks about tragedies that are appropriate for a modern audience. Because we differ from the renaissance audience due to an increase in democracy, our sense of individualism has also been enhanced, alongside the principles of equalitarianism. We all feel very important, and every subject feels as significant as the next, so we will respond to tragedies that address our experience as a pose to that of a king or queen. Shakespearean tragedy was about the high born who were brought low by some flaw in the nature of their society. On the contrary, Miller thinks that in tragedy, the protagonist or hero should be a common man and should bear very little, if any resemblance to a man of high statute. In his essay, Tragedy and the Common Man, Miller suggests that the common man is as apt a subject for tragedy in its highest sense as kings were. He goes on to discuss the sense of personal dignity, and of how tragedies deal with noble passions. He amply suggests that a tragic protagonist should be a character, ideally the common man, who does not remain passive in the face of their oppression or subjugation. This character should fight for his or hers immensivation. Miller, in first essay discusses, Tragedy and the Common Man. The renaissance conceptions of tragedy involve a tragic protagonist who is high born. It is through some character flaw, through concentrated hubris in his mind, which usually leads to a downfall. Miller says every one of us is a common person in a modern, democratic, individualised society. In this condition, every person is a hero in the drama of their own lives, whilst before, when the whole society was homogeneous, and everybody knew their place in cosmic order. Every person was subordinated into the larger design. Thus, important was the part they played in Gods design, and so individual pulses were passed with no significant meaning. Miller reflects upon how modern tragedy should be of a normal, common person. In addition to this, he also articulates his perspective, that in the modern world, because we have a heterogeneous society and do not all share the same beliefs, we do not believe in the same values, so we disagree on what is heroic. People feel it is more difficult to write tragedy because there are no widely shared ideas or values. In a tragedy, you have to have a protagonist who has the qualities that everybody believes in. He has to be one who fights against the corruption of certain aspects in the world. Every one of us fears, at the core of our being, our displacement from what we consider our position in society, our just. Therefore, what Miller does, is to say that his protagonists will not remain passive in the face of his oppression he would rather die than accept a compromised existence. Tragedy, to most, means death and sadness, but Miller feels this is not so. Millers perception of tragedy is that true tragedies are those works of literature that provide for us an optimistic view on human capability. We are inspired to ensure no person, whatever his or her nobility, oppresses us, and so look ubiquitously for sources of our subjugation. We begin to question things we would otherwise consider as customary or natural, and by so doing, we are helped in challenging the sources of oppression through these dichotomies. In his next essay, Miller discusses The Nature of Tragedy. There are many elements, which are highlighted, in this particular composition. However, the two dominating features, which are included, are of the discrepancies between melodrama and real drama within a novel or narrative based on the tragic mode. The concepts that these two conflicting drama types adopt are divulged in this essay, and so can be called upon as one of the centrepieces of this thesis. Melodrama is a specific means of writing, in the sense that it is very artificial. The melodrama type flourished in the Victorian period, and would often circulate around traumatic events. With this, a distinction between the two disparities can be accomplished. Melodrama deals objectively, with characters, which lack realism. These specifically chosen characters do not possess the complexity of real human beings, and good and bad, or white and black are clearly demarcated. When we see a melodramatic play, we see one-dimensional characters that have no moral turmoil in their minds; hence, the play is all about violence and action. With a melodrama, such scenes become almost obligatory. In a word, the work [here described as the play] is characterized by extravagant theatricality and by the predominance of plot and physical action over characterization. Conversely, the real drama approach falls far beyond the simplicity evoked in melodrama. Other than the current features of melodrama, a more assertive sense of human representation is applied to supplement real drama. In the same human breast, wickedness and goodness are converged, bringing a mandatory convention into the drama. Furthermore, there is conflict not only between characters, but also within certain internal impulses of the mind, and so a stalemate within the crest of the protagonist is averted without ambiguous contentment. What tragedies do is to provide us, the audience, with enlightenment. When we come away from the tragedy, we should have been transformed by the event and conformed to its consequences. On exiting the tragedy, we should feel very positive about the potential of the human animal for nobility, and the sacrifice of the protagonist it is often that which helps us to cleanse our selves of dire feelings. At the end of the tragedy, we achieve catharsis. The emanative thing that Miller involves in his own tragedies is to blend realism and expressionism together in a technique called subjective realism whenever the actual, chips into the past timeline. In addition to this, Miller orchestrates the music of the flute to connote pastoral harmony, amidst other devices. The characters are dressed in attire, used to express humour and the lighting has a gold, soft hue to it. This infiltration of his dramaturgy seems to release a realistic representation of life in the play throughout. By utilizing such devices, Miller wants to convey, more efficiently, the way people actually think. In doing so, he is able to take us into the past, in the same way Willy Loman moves back into this age in time. As humans, we are very fluid. In view of the fact that we have memory, we can look into the distant future. We tend to, in the most time, live in the past and anticipate the future whilst dragging the past burden with us. The past always remains, and so we are a part of it. Throughout his existence, Loman carries a strained guilt with him due to a very traumatic experience, which came about eighteen years ago. By so doing, he is barred from accepting certain activities, and so his operation is affected as a human being. Instead, Loman should put that memory to decent use, and by not doing so tragedy is once again insinuated as being the centrepiece of the play, as of course it proves to be in the closing scenes of the play. A brief synopsis of tragedy would be to use its cycle of events to change the world for the better, and the way human past interacts with the human present to build the future. In effect, we can travel to any time in the past within a second or two by one recessive sense. By using light and music, Miller achieves this, and shows us how the past, has never passed. To conclude, from his finely crafted essays, we become exposed to what a tragedy really is in its greatest being. We, as humans, thrive on accomplishing the memorabilia recognised as dreams, and when the path leading to it is barraged, we commit almost any feat in order to reach it. The tragedy, eternally undergoing evolution, is when we do commit, and do not face consequences for the deeds, in our lives or thereafter. As human beings, we are perverse, and try to distinguish ourselves from the animal kingdom, however due to our surreal nature, as with primates, our decree in society is what drives us to commit, indispensably, the things we would otherwise fear. Mohammed Lukman Ahmed 1111 11 SMO Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Control Of Sexually Transmitted Infections Health And Social Care Essay

Control Of Sexually Transmitted Infections Health And Social Care Essay The purpose of this paper is to first discuss the public health impact of STIs, followed by the approaches to their control/prevention in the UK. Unfortunately the public health impact of STIs is negative as it causes or contributes to ill-health. In the UK and other parts of the world, STIs pose enormous challenges for the public health which may be individual well-being, mental health or the burden on health costs. Focus of this paper will be mainly on genital Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis, HIV/AIDS, and Human Papilloma Virus (HPV [genital warts]) amongst other STIs due to the reported high rates of infection. Sexually transmitted infections affect people of all ages with the greatest occurrence amongst those under the age of 25 years (Nicoll, 1999; Johnson, 2001). In the UK, certain groups of populations are affected more than others thus creating sexual health inequalities. Primary and secondary syphilis occurs more often in the African community than it does in the White community. Gonorrhoea is reported more commonly among some ethnic minorities while Chlamydia infection rates are disproportionately high in the under 25s. Data on ethnic differences in behaviour and infection susceptibility are meagre and the observed differences are not accounted for. Poverty could be attributable to the high incidence rates in the ethnic minorities as STIs are more common in ethnic minorities than among the white majority which might also be a link between an increased risk and belonging to a minority population. In 2004, women aged 16-24 accounted for 74% of all Chlamydia diagnoses in the UK (anonymo us). Chlamydia rate of infectivity at national level for young people aged 15-24 is one in nine supporting the level of sexual activity in that group (NHS, n.d). The conquest of the majority of communicable disease has been one of the main successes of modern medicine. The diseases have presented the highest causes of mortality and morbidity prior the twentieth century. Until the mid twentieth century in Britain, particularly for women, the pleasures of sex were tempered by the dangers of poor health and social outcomes. However, with the development of modern antibiotics and effective vaccines, communicable diseases menace has mostly been contained and remarkably sex became safer. Although sex became safer, STIs rates have significantly increased in recent years in the UK predominantly from unsafe sex practices arising from various factors like sexual risk behaviours and poor infection control. They have become a major public health concern as highlighted in the National Strategy for Sexual Health and HIV (Department of Health, 2001). The 16-24 year age group comprising of only 25% of the sexually active population but with the largest diagnosis of STI cases of almost 50% of newly acquired infections. Control of STIs is complicated since many of them are asymptomatic. The economic impact caused by STIs is huge on health services with high costs mostly experienced in the management of infection complications in women. However, older women and men are also at risk especially those entering into new relationships after breaking up from a long-standing relationship. Hence there is ample requirement for protecting, supporting and restoring sexual health in people. Public Health Impact of Sexually Transmitted infections in the UK History Syphilis and gonorrhoea records have been collected for more than 80 years. In England, Wales and Scotland, diagnosis of syphilis and gonorrhoea was recorded highest in 1946, which coincided with the coming back of the armed forces after World War II (Figure 1). A sharp drop was subsequently detected and was linked to the use of penicillin and the re-establishment of social stability. Figure 1: Numbers of diagnoses of syphilis (primary, secondary and early latent) by sex, GUM clinics, England, Wales and Scotland*, 1931 2003. *Corresponding Scotland and Ireland data are excluded as they are not complete from 1925 to 2003. Source: KC60 statutory returns and ISD(D) 5 data. During the sixties and seventies, there was a stable rise in STIs diagnosis owing to more relaxed mind-sets to sexual behaviour. There was an upsurge in cases of Syphilis in males, while in women the number of cases continued to be stable. This implied sex among men during that time turned out to be the main route of transmission (CDC, 1999). Yet an increase in diagnosis was recorded in both males and females for gonorrhoea, genital warts and genital herpes signifying that these infections were acquired during heterosexual sex. Probably the rise in a small number of the STIs could have resulted from enhanced diagnostic sensitivity or public awareness, adding to higher rates of infectivity. However, in the early eighties, HIV and AIDS were first reported which supposedly had considerable effect on other serious STIs. A brisk drop of syphilis and gonorrhoea diagnosis was experienced in early to mid- eighties. This happened simultaneously with the widespread AIDS coverage of embracing of safer sex behaviours, and resulted in a subsequent decline in transmission of HIV amongst male homosexuals (Bosch, 1995). Sexually Transmitted Infections Trends Since 1999 to mid 2004, cases of Chlamydia infection rose by 108%, gonorrhoea by 87% and infectious syphilis by 486%. Still the young people bear the greatest burden. In 2001, women under 20 years of age had reported cases of 42% from gonorrhoea and 36% of Chlamydia. As reported by the Department of Health (DH), diagnosis of new STIs and other STI diagnosed cases in the UK such as re-infections made in genitourinary medicine clinics (GUM) showed a gradual rise in 1999-2008. The introduction of the National Chlamydia Screening Programme (NCSP) in 2003 and other health screens in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and in 2005 in Scotland resulted in an increase of sexual health screens from 759,770 to 1,219,308. For the same period, there was an increase of HIV tests recorded from 520,278 to 951,148. In 2008, uncomplicated infections from Chlamydia, syphilis, genital warts, and genital herpes rose considerably from 1999. Yet for the same year, cases of new diagnosis of gonorrhoea and syphilis were reported to have dropped. The National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (NATSSAL) identified sexual behaviour as the risk of acquiring an STI in the young age groups. The factors included lower age at time of having sexual intercourse for the first time, partners frequently changed, increased likelihood of being involved with concurrent partnerships, irregular use of condoms and the increased chances of being involved with a partner from a high-risk area of the world other than UK (Hughes, 2000; Johnson, 2001, Mueller, 2008; Skinner, 2010). However, the young people act as a core group for the risk of onward transmission to other groups. Thus prevention should be mostly targeted at this core group which would result in economic benefits. Literature Review Sexually transmitted infections still exert a major toll on the human population in the UK and other nations worldwide. Bacterial and protozoan infections are curable with antimicrobial therapy, while viral infections are treatable but not curable in the classic sense. STIs can cause immediate pain and suffering, profound psychosocial stress, and serious, long-term health consequences. Many STIs are asymptomatic, and surveillance systems to track STIs are incomplete in developed and developing countries. STIs have been shown to be important cofactors in HIV transmission (Fleming, 1999). New approaches to STI control and prevention are needed to reduce the spread of infection and minimize associated suffering. Chlamydia Chlamydia trachomatis is the most widespread bacterial pathogen transmitted through infected secretions and mucous membranes of urethra, cervix, rectum, conjunctivae and throat following unprotected sexual contact with an infected partner. In addition, an infected mother can infect her baby during vaginal delivery. It is the most commonly diagnosed STI in individuals under 25 years in the UK (Fenton, et al, 2001; Creighton, et al, 2003). Most people infected with Chlamydia show no symptoms until a diagnostic test is performed and in most cases they do not seek medical care. Thus, in those individuals affected by the disease, if efficient and effective health measures are not administered, the STI has the potential of causing a significant amount of health complications to womens well-being including infertility and pelvic inflammatory disease (Golden, et al, 2000; Garnett, 2008). There is also greater risk in those with recurring infection and untreated infections to spread to other reproductive organs resulting in chronic pelvic pains (La Montagne, et al, 2007). The number of diagnosed episodes of Chlamydia infection has been rising over the past 10 years (Figure 1). Furthermore, the economic impact of Chlamydia infections on the health service is enormous with high cost in the management of female health complications arising from Chlamydia infection (Garside, 2001). Because of the impact of Chlamydia infection on the health of young people, it is important to identify and treat infected patients and their partners and as a result reduce the burden of the disease on the people and health systems. Figure 1: Rates of genital Chlamydia infection by sex and age group (1995 2004). Source: Health Protection Agency, London In men Chlamydia infection causes epididymo-orchitis and urethritis. Also rectal pain, discharge and bleeding occur from proctitis which is from infection of the rectal mucosa. Additionally, since the incubation phase of gonorrhoea is less than that of Chlamydia, individuals can develop dysuria after their treatment for gonorrhoea causing postgonococcal urethritis. HIV/AIDS In nearly three decades, ever since HIV was first identified, HIV infection has turned out to be a deadly disease and has caused a disturbing adversity to humans, in almost all areas of life. In the early eighties, when the first few cases of AIDS were reported, few might have realised its propensity to become a global public health problem. The UK is facing a sexual health crisis. Between 1999 and 2002, HIV prevalence rose by about 20% annually, and almost a third of HIV-positive individuals did not know their HIV status (HPA, n.d.). Furthermore, the increase in rates of HIV infections could be brought about by the rise in STI incidences in the public as already highlighted in this paper. The number of newly diagnosed cases of HIV increased by 55% from 2000 to 2002 (DH, n.d.). In 2004, a minimum of 49 000 individuals had HIV in England. In the late 1980s and early 1990s in the UK there was a significant drop in STIs figures in reaction to the awareness campaigns on HIV. The disturbing extent of its increase, infection, very long incubation phase, secondary susceptibility of spread and the absence of a vaccine to prevent it calls for the attainment of comprehensive information about the disease. Currently AIDS prevention mainly relies on health education and behavioural modifications based on AIDS awareness, predominantly in the high risk group of young people. Gonorrhoea Gonorrhoea infection is caused by an organism, Neisseria gonorrhoeae (N. gonorrhoeae) which is highly infectious and a bacterial sexually transmitted pathogen. In heterosexuals, its occurrence is associated with age (90%) asymptomatic in the rectum and oropharynx in both women and men (Hook, 1999; Knox, 2002). In the GUM clinics and various health services, testing for N. gonorrhoeae is a core factor of screening for STIs. Although there is not much evidence to direct testing, every mucosal site correlated with the disease symptoms ought to be tested for infection (Barlow, 1978; Harry, 1997; CDC, 2002; Ghanem, 2004; Bergen, 2006). Screening measures are subjective to an individuals sexual history and repeat screening may be encouraged (Miller, 2003). Gonorrhoea incidence falls by 11% in the UK: The number of new gonorrhoea infections in the United Kingdom fell from 18 649 in 2007 to 16 629 in 2008, the lowest number recorded since 1999. Syphilis Syphilis is caused by infection from Teponema pallidum subspecies pallidum, is a mucocutaneous STI with high infectivity the early infectious stages. It may also be transmitted through the placenta in pregnant women from week nine of gestation onwards. Screening is recommended for all asymptomatic patients attending GUM clinic or those attending other health services are referred appropriately (Nicoll, 2002). Incidence of syphilis also showed a 4% fall, from 2633 in 2007 to 2524 in 2008, (HPA, n.d). Over the last year, there has been almost three times the number of heterosexual cases of syphilis in south London than were diagnosed in 2001 (25 in 2001, 72 in 2002 and over 40 cases in the first five months of this year) (HPA, 2008). Human Papilloma Virus The spread of genital HPV is normally spread during intimate, skin to skin or sexual contact. It is also asymptomatic and can be dormant for years. HPV high risk strains are 16, 18, 31, 33 and 45, which are likely to increase the probability of getting cervical cancer. These strains exist in nearly every woman with cancer of the cervix. Although HPV testing is still not regularly accessible, the National Health Service is considering it to be included in the screening programme of cancer of the cervix. Women who test positive for high risk types of HPV are more likely to need treatment for borderline or mildly abnormal cervical smears. Although in ninety percent of HPV cases, clearance of the virus occurs naturally within two years. Yet, continued use of condoms may possibly facilitate in lowering the risk of infection from genital HPV. Infection from HVP is now being prevented through administration of vaccines for types of HPV that causes cervical cancer. The Gardasil and Cervarix cervical cancer vaccines were licensed in the UK in 2007. However, the genital warts strains 6 and 11 which can be diagnosed by inspecting the genital area of an individual and are usually in the form of small (or large) bump or groups of bumps. They normally develop within weeks or months following sexual contact with an infected partner who might be asymptomatic. Sometimes if treatment is not administered, they might disappear, or remain unaltered and not cancerous. Approaches to prevention and Control of sexually transmitted infections The health of the people and the social and economic success of the UK are extremely connected. The related economic and social costs to public health are enormous and surpass UKs future. Marmots (2010) six recommendations further support the prevention and control of STIs in UKs population. In two of the six recommendations he states that, enabling all children, young people and adults to maximise their capabilities and have control over their lives and that of strengthening the role and impact of ill-health excellent well-being over their lives. It is vital that UKs population is educated on sexual health issues so that they are able to make well informed sex decisions that contribute to their well-being and reducing the burden caused by STIs. Marmots report further emphasised other research work (Picket Wilkinson, 2009) that it is not only the poor who suffer from the effects of inequality, but the majority of the population. High priority should therefore be given to the integra tion of STI control measures into primary health care. The worldwide interest in and resources committed to preventing AIDS provide a unique opportunity for health workers to make considerable progress in controlling the other STIs. Sexually transmitted infection control programmes have been and will continue to be the most prominent in public health management and have been at an increase since the mid nineties with rates of unwanted pregnancies still being reported to be high. Strategies to prevent transmission of organisms spread by intimate human contact must remain flexible and adapt to the social, technical, clinical, financial and political realities. A strategy of primary prevention, based on sexual behavioural change combined with the provision of adequate clinical services, is vital for the control of STI. In response to the re-emergence of these diseases in the UK, it was decided by the Department of Health to open for the first time ever STD clinics across the country to help reduce the burden of the STIs. These clinics are staffed with a multidisciplinary group of specialists that offer sexual health services to different age groups of the community. Given the unequal burden of STIs for young people, it is imperative to ascertain effective prevention programmes. Although enhancing access to Chlamydia testing has been an important and urgent focus of Chlamydia awareness programmes and has led to renewed efforts to increase access to Chlamydia testing (WHO, 2001; Santer 2000; Santer, 2003). As more people including this identified group learn their Chlamydia status, and in recognition of the long latent period of the disease before symptoms prevail, factors related to Chlamydia awareness remain crucial to identify in order to design comprehensive Chlamydia management services that meet the needs of the population at risk of infection (Brabin, et al, 2009). A study by Shiely, et al (2009) showed that in Ireland, age specific behavioural interventions could be effective by targeting increased use of condoms to decrease STI incidences. Also in order to boost condom use, a 5% reduction from 13.5% in taxation on condoms could be implemented at policy level. Other studies also revealed age as a risk factor for STI transmission and to that regard there should be enhanced sex education promotion to the target group to enhance behavioural changes (Manhart, et al, 2004; Fenton, et al, 2005). A further study also showed that diagnosis of a viral STI was not associated with multiple partners but however it was possible for females who had more than one sexual partner to be more likely to use protection since they will be more experienced and aware of STI infection (Fenton, et al, 2005). Although condom use has increased in prevalence almost everywhere, but rates remain low in the UK and many other developing countries. The huge variation indicates mainly social and economic determinants of sexual behaviour, which have implications for intervention. Although individual behaviour change is central to improving sexual health, efforts are also needed to address the broader determinants of sexual behaviour, particularly those that relate to the social context. The evidence from behavioural interventions is that no general approach to sexual-health promotion will work everywhere and no single-component intervention will work anywhere. Comprehensive behavioural interventions are needed that take account of the social context in mounting individual-level programmes, attempt to modify social norms to support uptake and maintenance of behaviour change, and tackle the structural factors that contribute to risky sexual behaviour. Accomplishing excellent sexual health for the population of the UK has always created its own distinctive challenges. Meagre sexual health is often disproportionately impacting on those who are already at risk and experiencing inequalities, for instance the young people, black and minority ethnic groups, those in lower socio-economic class, and gay men. While there has been so much public health interest and commitment of resources to preventing AIDS, an opportunity exists for health workers to make significant progress in the control of other STIs as well. Thus the need for comprehensive behavioural interventions that would tackle the social context for individual-level programmes, support and sustainability of behavioural change, and the structural factors that is contributory to risky sexual behaviour. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) suggested the need for health professionals to identify individuals at higher risk of becoming infected with STIs, ascertained by ones sexual history, and organize one to one talks to minimise the risk of infection. However, the sexual health guidance recommends a variety of circumstances for assessing risk of infections which include opportunities where a health professional discusses with a patient contraception, abortion or pregnancy or when conducting cervical smear test, giving an STI test, giving travel immunisation, and during regular care or a new registration by a patient. Any individual identified to be at high risk of getting infected, should be referred to trained health worker for one-to-one talks in an attempt to minimise risky behaviour. Additionally for those who have been tested positive, should be assisted in having their partners tested and treated. Responsibility for the National Chlamydia Screening Programme (NCSP) was taken over in 2005 by the Health Protection Agency from the Department of Health. Screening is conducted in various locations across the UK, the main ones being youth services, community contraceptive services, general practices, education premises (universities or colleges). Statistics for the programme have revealed that more women are getting screened than men, while an increased number of men are testing positive. Efforts are still being made in most areas to attempt to tackle this variance in trying to reach out to the young men. More partnership work is required to tackle the variances including that of offering screening in health clubs such as gyms and boxing clubs. Although diagnostic testing in sexual health has now been increasingly quicker and easier for patients and the staff, it is crucial that care was personalised especially when engaging with a health worker. Since STIs are prevalent in both asy mptomatic and symptomatic individuals, due to their behaviour, diagnosis, management and follow up require skilled and trained individuals. If a health worker is adequately trained and has knowledge of STIs, it helps in preparing the patient for an STI test and understanding the effects if the test was to be positive.

Willaim Randolph Hearst :: essays research papers

William Randolph Hearst, who lived to the age of 88, was born on April 29th, 1863 in San Francisco California, and died on August 14th, 1951 in Beverly Hills California. Hearst studied at Harvard with his mind set on writing, inspired by Joseph Pulitzer. Hearst strived to become a better writer through out his life. After Harvard, Hearst met Marion Davies and eventually moved in with her, living in a very elaborate mansion nicknamed Hearst’s Castle. (http://www.zpub.com/sf/history/willh.html). Hearst and Davies were known for their costume parties and big bashes held at their house, until Davies, who lived through polio, died after the long struggle of cancer. Hearst, who loved the theater, met Millicent Willson there and often escorted her and her sister out at night. Knowing Willson for years, Hearst and her soon became wedded on April 28th, 1903 at Grace Church in New York City. (William Randolph Hearst, Nancy Frazier p. 62) Not but a year later, George Randolph was born o n April 10th, 1904, William’s first son. Hearst said to be an amazing father, raced around the city getting fans, and ice buckets to make an air conditioning system for George during his first heat wave. (William Randolph Hearst, Nancy Frazier p. 63) Eventually the Hearst family would consist of five sons.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Randolph Hearst is best known for his ability to not just write, but make his readers believe anything and everything he wrote about. Hearst was 23 when he became Proprietor of the â€Å"San Francisco Examiner†. Hearst soon turned the newspaper into a reformist investigative reporting and lurid sensationalism newspaper., then soon got a reputation for employing the best journalists available. (http://www.zpub.com/sf/history/willh.html). Many people believed that Hearst actually initiated the Spanish American War just to encourage sales of the newspaper. Hearst loved war and drama, it gave him something to publish. William Randolph Hearst would take yellow journalism to a new level with his great experience in writing and blow the littlest news facts into big time stories that would pull his readers in to believing just about everything that was published in his newspaper. Hearst’s biggest challenger was Joseph Pulitzer, a fellow writer. The irony was that both Pulitzer and Hearst were considered outsiders when they arrived at New York City. Their papers both appealed to the same situations and what not. The thing was that, these situations were usually ignored by the public but the writings of Pulitzer and Hearst drew readers in.

The Short Story Of Night - A C :: essays research papers

"The Short History Of Night" by John Mighton fervently seeks to expound upon the idea that societal disorder will eventually affect all levels of society despite any purposeful attempts to be detached, whether physically, using status or otherwise. Throughout many facets of the play this thought is effectively echoed, more particularly in the areas of set design, sound and light design, and character development. The utilization of levels in the set design is sensibly used in what I believe, a twofold purpose. First, and more obviously, to create various physical levels on stage with the use of the raised circular portion as in the scene with Kepler and his soon-to-be wife sitting on a hill awaiting his "prophesied" comet or with the depiction of Tycho's observatory. On the other hand, this rise in physical level also produces a platform for a higher level of observation or rationale. Kepler's wife, while standing on this upper level, would begin to ponder and question her husband on various topics possibly beyond her character's intelligence level as inferred by her husband's response. It is ironic that she is also placed at this level as she is "raving" during her interrogation on her involvement with witchcraft. Therefore, following the same train of thought, the use of this arrangement suggests that her examiners, namely the Inquisitor, are merely acting out of ignoran ce. Most tangible however, is the complete black appearance of the set that helps considerably to establish the notion that the play is a representation of place in a period of discord. The darkness of the set creates a sense of eerieness and obscurity that draws the audience into the social upheaval of this period. More interestingly, over the course of the play this "blackness" extends into the allusion of the lurking evils of the society and its possible infiltration at any time on the unsuspecting. Working in conjunction with the set, to completely produce the aforementioned effect, is the sound and lighting design. Strikingly impressive, is the use of shadows to create scenes and evoke mood, as with the shadow representation of the forest creating the setting and generating a harrowing atmosphere -- perfect for Kepler's secret journey to Tycho's observatory. The sound and music successfully accentuate the growing conflict in the play with the extensive use of tension chords, particularly during the arrival of the Inquisitor and the scene changes, creating dissonant, chaotic-sounding tones.

Management Key Concepts

Organizational behavior is defined as a study aimed at revealing how individuals, people and groups are interacting. Simply saying, organizational behavior is norms and standards how employees should behave in work environment. Organizational behavior interprets people-organization relations within organization and social system as a whole. The purpose of organizational behavior is claimed to create more comfortable relations between employees and simply individuals by means of achieving organizational, human and social objectives.Organizations operate within the four models of behavior: autocratic, custodial, supportive, and collegial. Organizational behavior suggests that the potential of employees should be appreciated; organizational structure, people and technology work together; human problems should be encountered in work; problems are identified and corrective measures are taken. Organizational behavior is primary related to a workplace as it encompasses human behavior, human interactions, teams and leadership.(Damours, p.115)Organizational culture is defined as attitudes, beliefs, values and experiences within particular organization, firm or company. Organizational culture is a set of specific norms and values which must be shared by all employees, mangers and board of directors and which identify the way people should interact with each other and outside organization. Organization develops its own values stating how employees are expected to achieve the desired objectives and goals. Moreover, organizational culture prescribes norms of behavior in particular situations.The primary task is to integrate individuals into effective team which is able to adapt to external and internal environment of organization. Culture is â€Å"an active living phenomenon through which people jointly create and recreate the worlds in which they live†. (Damours, p.122) Elements of organizational culture are stated values, customs and rituals, comfortable climate, e tc. Organizational culture is related to a workplace as it sets norms and values of behavior and means of achieving organizational values.Diversity at workplace is defined as differences and similarities among organizational personnel. Diversity embraces, gender, age, cultural and ethnic background, physical abilities, religion, sexual orientation, etc. Nowadays diversity is essential concern in business world as companies are trying to retain the best employees not considering their age, gender or ethnicity.Workforce diversity means that organization develops practices and policies in order to include people who are considered to be different from what is considered normal. Diversity contributes social and corporate responsibility of organization as it gives an opportunity for everyone to earn living and to accomplish their dreams. Diversity also helps to turn tax users into effective tax players fostering in such a way economic development of the country. Diversity gives organizat ions advantage over companies which fully ignore diversity at workplace. (Damours, 134-137)Communication is defined as a means which convey verbal meanings creating shared understanding. Communication process requires interpersonal and intrapersonal processing, speaking, observing, listening, evaluating and analyzing. Communication process is related to a workplace is people are constantly interacting with other, arguing and debating. Future success of a person mainly depends on his ability to use language and to communicate effectively.Understanding how to communicate effectively will promote creating smoothly working project teams; responding to customers, clients, and markets; living and working in a culturally diverse world. Effective communication is playing nowadays one of the most important roles in organizations and companies, because it is the only source of mutual understanding among employees and customers, directors and suppliers, etc. Nevertheless learning how to commun icate effective isn’t limited only to one organization, because, for example, learning cross-cultural communication suggests how cultural traditions and patterns are understood and how cultural values may affect the process of communication. Learning effective communication is nowadays necessity. (Managing Communication, p.2)Business ethics is defined as a code of accepted norms, beliefs and values in business world. In other words, business ethics is a standard of human behavior that offers how to act in particular situations in professional life. Ethics incorporates norms of conventional morality to distinguish ‘wrong’ behavior from ‘right’ behavior. Generally, ethical norms suggest honesty, truthfulness, fairness, integrity, justice and respect for others. Ethical norms and values play important role in maintaining harmony and stability in social life as ethics suggests proper ways of human-human interactions.Ethics recognizes human needs and aspi rations, as well as cooperative efforts, fairness and truthfulness. Ethics contributes social stability and ensures balance in all spheres of life and business.   For example, in financial sphere ethical violations are associated with stakeholder interest, insider trading, investment management and camping financing. Business ethics is related to a workplace as it sets standards of behaviour within organization. (Damours, 205-209)Change management is defined as distinctly specifying and implementing procedures and methods to deal with changes in the organizational environment for the overall prosperity of the business. The term â€Å"change management† is mostly used to define â€Å"organizational change management or the management of change triggered in organizations or industries†. (Change Management, 2006) Change management is thus the overall process of grooming a planned approach to change in an organization.Due to globalization processes taken place in modern society change management has to be universal requirement. Change management deals primarily with the human aspect, because humans and their psychology are the most subjected to changes. There are two types of change management: reactive and proactive. Management is considered reactive when the change comes from external source. Management is considered proactive when change comes from either internal change aimed at achieving organizational objectives and goals. Change management is related to a workplace as changes are inevitable and mainly employees resist them.ReferencesManaging Communications. (1996, August). Peace Watch, 2, 5, 1-2.Coping With Change. (2006). Coping with Change: Public Sector Employees. The Paper Store Inc. Retrieved March 30, 2008, from http://search.1millionpapers.com/cgi-bin/query?mss=1millionpapers&q=Change+Public&source=googleppcDamours, Stephen. (1992). Management Analysis in Public Organizations: History, Concepts and Techniques. Westport: Quorum.